What Is Life A Guide to Biology - Second Edition. Biology 1. 60 with Trenham at Whatcom Community College. Created: 2. 01. 4- 0. Last Modified: 2. Views. 5. 45. . This page intentionally left blank What Is LIFE? SECOND EDITIO N A GUIDE TO BIOLOGY Phelan FM Student. PM Publisher: Peter Marshall Senior Development Editor: Elizabeth Howe Development Editors: Jane Tufts, Alicia Moretti Assistant Editor: Marni Rolfes Associate Director of Marketing: Debbie Clare Art Development Editor: Tommy Moorman Illustrations: Tommy Moorman Managing Editor: Philip Mc.
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H . F R E E M A N A N D CO M PA N Y N E W YO R K What Is LIFE? SECOND EDITIO N A GUIDE TO BIOLOGY Phelan FM Student. PM This page intentionally left blank v. B R I E F C O N T E N T S PART 1 The Facts of Life 1 Scientifi c Thinking | Your best pathway to understanding the world . Chemistry | Raw materials and fuel for our bodies .
Cells | The smallest part of you . Energy | From the sun to you in just two steps .
PART 2 Genetics, Evolution, and Behavior 5 DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology | What is the code, and how is it harnessed? Chromosomes and Cell Division | Continuity and variety . Genes and Inheritance | Family resemblance: how traits are inherited . Evolution and Natural Selection | Darwin? Evolution and Behavior | Communication, cooperation, and confl ict in the animal world . PART 3 Evolution and the Diversity of Life 1. The Origin and Diversifi cation of Life on Earth | Understanding biodiversity.
Animal Diversifi cation | Visibility in motion . Plant and Fungi Diversifi cation | Where did all the plants and fungi come from? Evolution and Diversity Among the Microbes | Bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses: the unseen world . PART 4 Ecology and the Environment 1.
Population Ecology | Planet at capacity: patterns of population growth . Ecosystems and Communities | Organisms and their environments . Conservation and Biodiversity | Human infl uences on the environment .
Phelan FM Student. PM PART 1 The Facts of Life 1 Scientific Thinking 1 Your best pathway to understanding the world 1�1? Science is a collection of facts and a process for understanding the world. What is science? What is biology? Biological literacy is essential in the modern world. The scientifi c method is a powerful approach to understanding the world.
A beginers? guide: what are the steps of the scientifi c method? Thinking like a scientist: how do you use the scientifi c method? Step 1: Make observations.
Step 2: Formulate a hypothesis. Step 3: Devise a testable prediction.
Step 4: Conduct a critical experiment. Step 5: Draw conclusions, make revisions. When do hypotheses become theories, and what are theories? Well- designed experiments are essential to testing hypotheses. Controlling variables makes experiments more powerful. Repeatable experiments increase our confi dence. We? ve got to watch out for our biases.
Scientifi c thinking can help us make wise decisions. Visual displays of data can help us understand and explain phenomena.
Statistics can help us in making decisions. Pseudoscience and misleading anecdotal evidence can obscure the truth. There are limits to what science can do. On the road to biological literacy: what are the major themes in biology? A few important themes tie together the diverse topics in biology. Street. BIO: Knowledge you can use Rainy days and Mondays. Chemistry 3. 7 Raw materials and fuel for our bodies 2�1?
Atoms form molecules through bonding. Everything is made of atoms. C O N T E N T S VI C O N T E N T S Phelan FM Student. PM vii 2�2 An atom? Atoms can bond together to form molecules or compounds. Water has features that enable it to support all life.
Hydrogen bonds make water cohesive. Water has unusual properties that make it critical to life. Living systems are highly sensitive to acidic and basic conditions. Carbohydrates are fuel for living machines. Carbohydrates include macromolecules that function as fuel. Glucose provides energy for the body? Many complex carbohydrates are time- released packets of energy.
Not all carbohydrates are digestible. Lipids store energy for a rainy day. Lipids are macromolecules with several functions, including energy storage. Fats are tasty molecules too plentiful in our diets. Cholesterol and phospholipids are used to build sex hormones and membranes. Proteins are versatile macromolecules that serve as building blocks. Proteins are body- building molecules.
Proteins are an essential dietary component. A protein? s function is infl uenced by its three- dimensional shape. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes regulate reactions in several ways (but malformed enzymes can cause problems). Nucleic acids store information on how to build and run a body.
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store information. DNA holds the genetic information to build an organism. RNA is a universal translator, reading DNA and directing protein production. Street. BIO: Knowledge you can use Melt- in- your- mouth chocolate may not be such a sweet idea. Cells 8. 1 The smallest part of you 3�1? What is a cell? .....................................................
All organisms are made of cells. Prokaryotic cells are structurally simple, but there are many types of them.
Eukaryotic cells have compartments with specialized functions. Cell membranes are gatekeepers. Every cell is bordered by a plasma membrane. Molecules embedded in the plasma membrane help it perform its functions. Faulty membranes can cause disease.
Membrane surfaces have a ? Molecules move across membranes in several ways. Passive transport is the spontaneous diffusion of molecules across a membrane. Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water across a membrane. In active transport, cells use energy to move small molecules into and out of the cell. Endocytosis and exocytosis are used for bulk transport of particles.
Cells are connected and communicate with each other. Connections between cells hold them in place and enable them to communicate with each other. Phelan FM Student. PM VII I C O N T E N T S 3�1. Nine important landmarks distinguish eukaryotic cells. The nucleus is the cell?
Cytoplasm and the cytoskeleton form the cell? Mitochondria are the cell?
Lysosomes are the cell? The endoplasmic reticulum is the site where cells build proteins and disarm toxins. The Golgi apparatus processes products for delivery throughout the body. The cell wall provides additional protection and support for plant cells.
Vacuoles are multipurpose storage sacs for cells. Chloroplasts are the plant cell? Street. BIO: Knowledge you can use Drinking too much water can be dangerous!
Energy 1. 29 From the sun to you in just two steps 4�1 ? Energy fl ows from the sun and through all life on earth. Cars that run on french fry oil? Organisms and machines need energy to work.
Energy has two forms: kinetic and potential. As energy is captured and converted, the amount of energy available to do work decreases.
ATP molecules are like free- fl oating rechargeable batteries in all living cells. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to make food. Where does plant matter come from? Photosynthesis: the big picture. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.
Light energy travels in waves: plant pigments absorb specifi c wavelengths. Photons cause electrons in chlorophyll to enter an excited state. Photosynthesis in detail: the energy of sunlight is captured as chemical energy. Photosynthesis in detail: the captured energy of sunlight is used to make food. The battle against world hunger can use plants adapted to water scarcity.
Cellular respiration converts food molecules into ATP, a universal source of energy for living organisms. How do living organisms fuel their actions? Cellular respiration: the big picture. The fi rst step of cellular respiration: glycolysis is the universal energy- releasing pathway. The second step of cellular respiration: the Krebs cycle extracts energy from sugar. The third step of cellular respiration: ATP is built in the electron transport chain.
There are alternative pathways to energy acquisition. Beer, wine, and spirits are by- products of cellular metabolism in the absence of oxygen. Eating a complete diet: cells can run on protein and fat as well as on glucose. Street. BIO: Knowledge you can use If you feed and protect your fl owers in a vase, they? Phelan FM Student. PM ix PART 2 Genetics, Evolution, and Behavior 5 DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology 1.
What is the genetic code, and how is it harnessed? DNA: what is it and what does it do? The DNA 2. 00?? knowledge about DNA is increasing justice in the world.
DNA contains instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. Genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins. Not all DNA contains instructions for making proteins. How do genes work? An overview. 1. 78 5�6 ? Building organisms: information in DNA directs the production of the molecules that make up an organism. In transcription, the information coded in DNA is copied into m.
RNA. 1. 80 5�7 In translation, the m. RNA copy of the information from DNA is used to build functional molecules.
Genes are regulated in several ways. Damage to the genetic code has a variety of causes and effects. What causes a mutation and what are its effects?